Adding TEE mailing list and maintainers to the CC list.
Amirreza, please include them in future even if you are not going to use the framework.
On Wed, Jul 10, 2024 at 09:16:48AM GMT, Amirreza Zarrabi wrote:
On 7/3/2024 9:36 PM, Dmitry Baryshkov wrote:
On Tue, Jul 02, 2024 at 10:57:35PM GMT, Amirreza Zarrabi wrote:
Qualcomm TEE hosts Trusted Applications (TAs) and services that run in the secure world. Access to these resources is provided using MinkIPC. MinkIPC is a capability-based synchronous message passing facility. It allows code executing in one domain to invoke objects running in other domains. When a process holds a reference to an object that lives in another domain, that object reference is a capability. Capabilities allow us to separate implementation of policies from implementation of the transport.
As part of the upstreaming of the object invoke driver (called SMC-Invoke driver), we need to provide a reasonable kernel API and UAPI. The clear option is to use TEE subsystem and write a back-end driver, however the TEE subsystem doesn't fit with the design of Qualcomm TEE.
To answer your "general comment", maybe a bit of background :).
Traditionally, policy enforcement is based on access-control models, either (1) access-control list or (2) capability [0]. A capability is an opaque ("non-forge-able") object reference that grants the holder the right to perform certain operations on the object (e.g. Read, Write, Execute, or Grant). Capabilities are preferred mechanism for representing a policy, due to their fine-grained representation of access right, inline with (P1) the principle of least privilege [1], and (P2) the ability to avoid the confused deputy problem [2].
[0] Jack B. Dennis and Earl C. Van Horn. 1966. Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations. Commun. ACM 9 (1966), 143–155.
[1] Jerome H. Saltzer and Michael D. Schroeder. 1975. The Protection of Information in Computer Systems. Proc. IEEE 63 (1975), 1278–1308.
[2] Norm Hardy. 1988. The Confused Deputy (or Why Capabilities Might Have Been Invented). ACM Operating Systems Review 22, 4 (1988), 36–38.
For MinkIPC, an object represents a TEE or TA service. The reference to the object is the "handle" that is returned from TEE (let's call it TEE-Handle). The supported operations are "service invocation" (similar to Execute), and "sharing access to a service" (similar to Grant). Anyone with access to the TEE-Handle can invoke the service or pass the TEE-Handle to someone else to access the same service.
The responsibility of the MinkIPC framework is to hide the TEE-Handle, so that the client can not forge it, and allow the owner of the handle to transfer it to other clients as it wishes. Using a file descriptor table we can achieve that. We wrap the TEE-Handle as a FD and let the client invoke FD (e.g. using IOCTL), or transfer the FD (e.g. using UNIX socket).
As a side note, for the sake of completeness, capabilities are fundamentally a "discretionary mechanism", as the holder of the object reference has the ability to share it with others. A secure system requires "mandatory enforcement" (i.e. ability to revoke authority and ability to control the authority propagation). This is out of scope for the MinkIPC. MinkIPC is only interested in P1 and P2 (mention above).
Does TEE subsystem fit requirements of a capability based system?
In TEE subsystem, to invoke a function:
- client should open a device file "/dev/teeX",
- create a session with a TA, and
- invoke the functions in that session.
- The privilege to invoke a function is determined by a session. If a client has a session, it cannot share it with other clients. Even if
it does, it is not fine-grained enough, i.e. either all accessible functions/resources in a session or none. Assume a scenario when a client wants to grant a permission to invoke just a function that it has the rights, to another client.
The "all or nothing" for sharing sessions is not in line with our capability system: "if you own a capability, you should be able to grant or share it".
Can you please be more specific here? What kind of sharing is expected on the user side of it?
In MinkIPC, after authenticating a client credential, a TA (or TEE) may return multiple TEE-Handles, each representing a service that the client has privilege to access. The client should be able to "individually" reference each TEE-Handle, e.g. to invoke and share it (as per capability- based system requirements).
If we use TEE subsystem, which has a session based design, all TEE-Handles are meaningful with respect to the session in which they are allocated, hence the use of "__u32 session" in "struct tee_ioctl_invoke_arg".
Here, we have a contradiction with MinkIPC. We may ignore the session and say "even though a TEE-Handle is allocated in a session but it is also valid outside a session", i.e. the session-id in TEE uapi becomes redundant (a case of divergence from definition).
- In TEE subsystem, resources are managed in a context. Every time a client opens "/dev/teeX", a new context is created to keep track of
the allocated resources, including opened sessions and remote objects. Any effort for sharing resources between two independent clients requires involvement of context manager, i.e. the back-end driver. This requires implementing some form of policy in the back-end driver.
What kind of resource sharing?
TEE subsystem "rightfully" allocates a context each time a client opens a device file. This context pass around to the backend driver to identify independent clients that opened the device file.
The context is used by backend driver to keep track of the resources. Type of resources are TEE driver dependent. As an example of resource in TEE subsystem, you can look into 'shm' register and unregister (specially, see comment in function 'shm_alloc_helper').
For MinkIPC, all clients are treated the same and the TEE-Handles are representative of the resources, accessible "globally" if a client has the capability for them. In kernel, clients access an object if they have access to "qcom_tee_object", in userspace, clients access an object if they have the FD wrapper for the TEE-Handle.
If we use context, instead of the file descriptor table, any form of object transfer requires involvement of the backend driver. If we use the file descriptor table, contexts are becoming useless for MinkIPC (i.e. 'ctx->data' will "always" be null).
- The TEE subsystem supports two type of memory sharing:
- per-device memory pools, and
- user defined memory references.
User defined memory references are private to the application and cannot be shared. Memory allocated from per-device "shared" pools are accessible using a file descriptor. It can be mapped by any process if it has access to it. This means, we cannot provide the resource isolation between two clients. Assume a scenario when a client wants to allocate a memory (which is shared with TEE) from an "isolated" pool and share it with another client, without the right to access the contents of memory.
This doesn't explain, why would it want to share such memory with another client.
Ok, I believe there is a misunderstanding here. I did not try to justify specific usecase. We want to separate the memory allocation from the framework. This way, how the memory is obtained, e.g. it is allocated (1) from an isolated pool, (2) a shared pool, (3) a secure heap, (4) a system dma-heap, (5) process address space, or (6) other memory with "different constraints", becomes independent.
We introduced "memory object" type. User implements a kernel service using "qcom_tee_object" to represent the memory object. We have an implementation of memory objects based on dma-buf.
- The kernel API provided by TEE subsystem does not support a kernel supplicant. Adding support requires an execution context (e.g. a
kernel thread) due to the TEE subsystem design. tee_driver_ops supports only "send" and "receive" callbacks and to deliver a request, someone should wait on "receive".
There is nothing wrong here, but maybe I'm misunderstanding something.
I agree. But, I am trying to re-emphasize how useful TEE subsystem is for MinkIPC. For kernel services, we solely rely on the backend driver. For instance, to expose RPMB service we will use "qcom_tee_object". So there is nothing provided by the framework to simplify the service development.
We need a callback to "dispatch" or "handle" a request in the context of the client thread. It should redirect a request to a kernel service or a user supplicant. In TEE subsystem such requirement should be implemented in TEE back-end driver, independent from the TEE subsystem.
- The UAPI provided by TEE subsystem is similar to the GPTEE Client interface. This interface is not suitable for a capability system.
For instance, there is no session in a capability system which means either its should not be used, or we should overload its definition.
General comment: maybe adding more detailed explanation of how the capabilities are aquired and how they can be used might make sense.
BTW. It might be my imperfect English, but each time I see the word 'capability' I'm thinking that some is capable of doing something. I find it hard to use 'capability' for the reference to another object.
Explained at the top :).
Can we use TEE subsystem?
There are workarounds for some of the issues above. The question is if we should define our own UAPI or try to use a hack-y way of fitting into the TEE subsystem. I am using word hack-y, as most of the workaround involves:
- "diverging from the definition". For instance, ignoring the session open and close ioctl calls or use file descriptors for all remote
resources (as, fd is the closet to capability) which undermines the isolation provided by the contexts,
"overloading the variables". For instance, passing object ID as file descriptors in a place of session ID, or
"bypass TEE subsystem". For instance, extensively rely on meta parameters or push everything (e.g. kernel services) to the back-end
driver, which means leaving almost all TEE subsystem unused.
We cannot take the full benefits of TEE subsystem and may need to implement most of the requirements in the back-end driver. Also, as discussed above, the UAPI is not suitable for capability-based use cases. We proposed a new set of ioctl calls for SMC-Invoke driver.
In this series we posted three patches. We implemented a transport driver that provides qcom_tee_object. Any object on secure side is represented with an instance of qcom_tee_object and any struct exposed to TEE should embed an instance of qcom_tee_object. Any, support for new services, e.g. memory object, RPMB, userspace clients or supplicants are implemented independently from the driver.
We have a simple memory object and a user driver that uses qcom_tee_object.
Could you please point out any user for the uAPI? I'd like to understand how does it from from the userspace point of view.
Sure :), I'll write up a test patch and send it in next series.
Summary.
TEE framework provides some nice facilities, including:
- uapi and ioctl interface,
- marshaling parameters and context management,
- memory mapping and sharing, and
- TEE bus and TA drivers.
For, MinkIPC, we will not use any of them. The only usable piece, is uapi interface which is not suitable for MinkIPC, as discussed above.
Signed-off-by: Amirreza Zarrabi quic_azarrabi@quicinc.com
Amirreza Zarrabi (3): firmware: qcom: implement object invoke support firmware: qcom: implement memory object support for TEE firmware: qcom: implement ioctl for TEE object invocation
drivers/firmware/qcom/Kconfig | 36 + drivers/firmware/qcom/Makefile | 2 + drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/Makefile | 12 + drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/async.c | 142 +++ drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/core.c | 1139 ++++++++++++++++++ drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/core.h | 186 +++ .../qcom/qcom_object_invoke/qcom_scm_invoke.c | 22 + .../firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/release_wq.c | 90 ++ .../qcom/qcom_object_invoke/xts/mem_object.c | 406 +++++++ .../qcom_object_invoke/xts/object_invoke_uapi.c | 1231 ++++++++++++++++++++ include/linux/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke.h | 233 ++++ include/uapi/misc/qcom_tee.h | 117 ++ 12 files changed, 3616 insertions(+)
base-commit: 74564adfd3521d9e322cfc345fdc132df80f3c79 change-id: 20240702-qcom-tee-object-and-ioctls-6f52fde03485
Best regards,
Amirreza Zarrabi quic_azarrabi@quicinc.com
Hi,
On Wed, 17 Jul 2024 at 18:01, Dmitry Baryshkov dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org wrote:
Adding TEE mailing list and maintainers to the CC list.
Thanks. I am not going to reiterate what Jens said in the other thread but going to cover some additional points.
Amirreza, please include them in future even if you are not going to use the framework.
On Wed, Jul 10, 2024 at 09:16:48AM GMT, Amirreza Zarrabi wrote:
On 7/3/2024 9:36 PM, Dmitry Baryshkov wrote:
On Tue, Jul 02, 2024 at 10:57:35PM GMT, Amirreza Zarrabi wrote:
Qualcomm TEE hosts Trusted Applications (TAs) and services that run in the secure world. Access to these resources is provided using MinkIPC. MinkIPC is a capability-based synchronous message passing facility. It allows code executing in one domain to invoke objects running in other domains. When a process holds a reference to an object that lives in another domain, that object reference is a capability. Capabilities allow us to separate implementation of policies from implementation of the transport.
As part of the upstreaming of the object invoke driver (called SMC-Invoke driver), we need to provide a reasonable kernel API and UAPI. The clear option is to use TEE subsystem and write a back-end driver, however the TEE subsystem doesn't fit with the design of Qualcomm TEE.
To answer your "general comment", maybe a bit of background :).
Traditionally, policy enforcement is based on access-control models, either (1) access-control list or (2) capability [0]. A capability is an opaque ("non-forge-able") object reference that grants the holder the right to perform certain operations on the object (e.g. Read, Write, Execute, or Grant). Capabilities are preferred mechanism for representing a policy, due to their fine-grained representation of access right, inline with (P1) the principle of least privilege [1], and (P2) the ability to avoid the confused deputy problem [2].
[0] Jack B. Dennis and Earl C. Van Horn. 1966. Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations. Commun. ACM 9 (1966), 143–155.
[1] Jerome H. Saltzer and Michael D. Schroeder. 1975. The Protection of Information in Computer Systems. Proc. IEEE 63 (1975), 1278–1308.
[2] Norm Hardy. 1988. The Confused Deputy (or Why Capabilities Might Have Been Invented). ACM Operating Systems Review 22, 4 (1988), 36–38.
For MinkIPC, an object represents a TEE or TA service. The reference to the object is the "handle" that is returned from TEE (let's call it TEE-Handle). The supported operations are "service invocation" (similar to Execute), and "sharing access to a service" (similar to Grant). Anyone with access to the TEE-Handle can invoke the service or pass the TEE-Handle to someone else to access the same service.
The responsibility of the MinkIPC framework is to hide the TEE-Handle, so that the client can not forge it, and allow the owner of the handle to transfer it to other clients as it wishes. Using a file descriptor table we can achieve that. We wrap the TEE-Handle as a FD and let the client invoke FD (e.g. using IOCTL), or transfer the FD (e.g. using UNIX socket).
As a side note, for the sake of completeness, capabilities are fundamentally a "discretionary mechanism", as the holder of the object reference has the ability to share it with others. A secure system requires "mandatory enforcement" (i.e. ability to revoke authority and ability to control the authority propagation). This is out of scope for the MinkIPC. MinkIPC is only interested in P1 and P2 (mention above).
Does TEE subsystem fit requirements of a capability based system?
Just to make things clear, first you should have involved TEE subsystem maintainers to discuss QTEE requirements and see how we can evolve the TEE subsystem rather than complaining about the opposite. What happens if another proprietary TEE implementation comes up to reuse this capability based system as you have described for QTEE? The reason we have a generic TEE subsystem is to allow common functionality to be reused within the kernel to interface with different TEE implementations.
In TEE subsystem, to invoke a function:
- client should open a device file "/dev/teeX",
- create a session with a TA, and
- invoke the functions in that session.
- The privilege to invoke a function is determined by a session. If a client has a session, it cannot share it with other clients. Even if
it does, it is not fine-grained enough, i.e. either all accessible functions/resources in a session or none. Assume a scenario when a client wants to grant a permission to invoke just a function that it has the rights, to another client.
The "all or nothing" for sharing sessions is not in line with our capability system: "if you own a capability, you should be able to grant or share it".
Can you please be more specific here? What kind of sharing is expected on the user side of it?
In MinkIPC, after authenticating a client credential, a TA (or TEE) may return multiple TEE-Handles, each representing a service that the client has privilege to access. The client should be able to "individually" reference each TEE-Handle, e.g. to invoke and share it (as per capability- based system requirements).
If we use TEE subsystem, which has a session based design, all TEE-Handles are meaningful with respect to the session in which they are allocated, hence the use of "__u32 session" in "struct tee_ioctl_invoke_arg".
Here, we have a contradiction with MinkIPC. We may ignore the session and say "even though a TEE-Handle is allocated in a session but it is also valid outside a session", i.e. the session-id in TEE uapi becomes redundant (a case of divergence from definition).
First of all, we need an open source reference user-space implementation to better understand how these capabilities are going to be used in real world use-cases. Is there any enforcement done from the kernel side or it's purely a user-space concept?
- In TEE subsystem, resources are managed in a context. Every time a client opens "/dev/teeX", a new context is created to keep track of
the allocated resources, including opened sessions and remote objects. Any effort for sharing resources between two independent clients requires involvement of context manager, i.e. the back-end driver. This requires implementing some form of policy in the back-end driver.
What kind of resource sharing?
TEE subsystem "rightfully" allocates a context each time a client opens a device file. This context pass around to the backend driver to identify independent clients that opened the device file.
The context is used by backend driver to keep track of the resources. Type of resources are TEE driver dependent. As an example of resource in TEE subsystem, you can look into 'shm' register and unregister (specially, see comment in function 'shm_alloc_helper').
For MinkIPC, all clients are treated the same and the TEE-Handles are representative of the resources, accessible "globally" if a client has the capability for them. In kernel, clients access an object if they have access to "qcom_tee_object", in userspace, clients access an object if they have the FD wrapper for the TEE-Handle.
If we use context, instead of the file descriptor table, any form of object transfer requires involvement of the backend driver. If we use the file descriptor table, contexts are becoming useless for MinkIPC (i.e. 'ctx->data' will "always" be null).
From purely user-space perspective, the TEE context is really a file descriptor only corresponding to "/dev/teeX". It really depends on the TEE backend driver if they want to tie up some TEE context or not.
- The TEE subsystem supports two type of memory sharing:
- per-device memory pools, and
- user defined memory references.
User defined memory references are private to the application and cannot be shared. Memory allocated from per-device "shared" pools are accessible using a file descriptor. It can be mapped by any process if it has access to it. This means, we cannot provide the resource isolation between two clients. Assume a scenario when a client wants to allocate a memory (which is shared with TEE) from an "isolated" pool and share it with another client, without the right to access the contents of memory.
This doesn't explain, why would it want to share such memory with another client.
Ok, I believe there is a misunderstanding here. I did not try to justify specific usecase. We want to separate the memory allocation from the framework. This way, how the memory is obtained, e.g. it is allocated (1) from an isolated pool, (2) a shared pool, (3) a secure heap, (4) a system dma-heap, (5) process address space, or (6) other memory with "different constraints", becomes independent.
We introduced "memory object" type. User implements a kernel service using "qcom_tee_object" to represent the memory object. We have an implementation of memory objects based on dma-buf.
I would really like to see use-cases for integration of dma-buf with TEE subsystem. You can see earlier attempt here [1] but without an upstream implementation of secure heap we can't land it upstream.
[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2022/8/12/544
- The kernel API provided by TEE subsystem does not support a kernel supplicant. Adding support requires an execution context (e.g. a
kernel thread) due to the TEE subsystem design. tee_driver_ops supports only "send" and "receive" callbacks and to deliver a request, someone should wait on "receive".
There is nothing wrong here, but maybe I'm misunderstanding something.
I agree. But, I am trying to re-emphasize how useful TEE subsystem is for MinkIPC. For kernel services, we solely rely on the backend driver. For instance, to expose RPMB service we will use "qcom_tee_object". So there is nothing provided by the framework to simplify the service development.
OP-TEE has a similar requirement to access RPMB as a kernel supplicant service [1]. Like I said above there is nothing stopping us to extend TEE subsystem with common parts like RPMB kernel service to be reused among backend drivers.
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20240527121340.3931987-1-jens.wiklander@linaro....
We need a callback to "dispatch" or "handle" a request in the context of the client thread. It should redirect a request to a kernel service or a user supplicant. In TEE subsystem such requirement should be implemented in TEE back-end driver, independent from the TEE subsystem.
- The UAPI provided by TEE subsystem is similar to the GPTEE Client interface. This interface is not suitable for a capability system.
Have a look at how Trusted Services TEE implementation [3] (non GPTEE compliant) works nicely with TEE subsystem.
[3] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Docu...
For instance, there is no session in a capability system which means either its should not be used, or we should overload its definition.
General comment: maybe adding more detailed explanation of how the capabilities are aquired and how they can be used might make sense.
BTW. It might be my imperfect English, but each time I see the word 'capability' I'm thinking that some is capable of doing something. I find it hard to use 'capability' for the reference to another object.
Explained at the top :).
Can we use TEE subsystem?
There are workarounds for some of the issues above. The question is if we should define our own UAPI or try to use a hack-y way of fitting into the TEE subsystem. I am using word hack-y, as most of the workaround involves:
- "diverging from the definition". For instance, ignoring the session open and close ioctl calls or use file descriptors for all remote
resources (as, fd is the closet to capability) which undermines the isolation provided by the contexts,
"overloading the variables". For instance, passing object ID as file descriptors in a place of session ID, or
"bypass TEE subsystem". For instance, extensively rely on meta parameters or push everything (e.g. kernel services) to the back-end
driver, which means leaving almost all TEE subsystem unused.
We cannot take the full benefits of TEE subsystem and may need to implement most of the requirements in the back-end driver. Also, as discussed above, the UAPI is not suitable for capability-based use cases. We proposed a new set of ioctl calls for SMC-Invoke driver.
Please work constructively to evolve TEE subsystem. There is no specific definition here for TEE subsystem but rather it provides a generic user-space interface for clients to interact with underlying TEE implementation.
In this series we posted three patches. We implemented a transport driver that provides qcom_tee_object. Any object on secure side is represented with an instance of qcom_tee_object and any struct exposed to TEE should embed an instance of qcom_tee_object. Any, support for new services, e.g. memory object, RPMB, userspace clients or supplicants are implemented independently from the driver.
Why do we want to implement a separate platform driver for each of them when a single DT node is sufficient to tell presence of QTEE? It looks like an improper use of DT nodes.
We have a simple memory object and a user driver that uses qcom_tee_object.
Could you please point out any user for the uAPI? I'd like to understand how does it from from the userspace point of view.
Sure :), I'll write up a test patch and send it in next series.
Summary.
TEE framework provides some nice facilities, including:
- uapi and ioctl interface,
- marshaling parameters and context management,
- memory mapping and sharing, and
- TEE bus and TA drivers.
For, MinkIPC, we will not use any of them. The only usable piece, is uapi interface which is not suitable for MinkIPC, as discussed above.
Don't you want to support kernel clients to access QTEE services? I already see an example related to UEFI runtime variables access [4] as there wasn't a QTEE driver upstream to support that.
[4] drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_qseecom_uefisecapp.c
-Sumit
Signed-off-by: Amirreza Zarrabi quic_azarrabi@quicinc.com
Amirreza Zarrabi (3): firmware: qcom: implement object invoke support firmware: qcom: implement memory object support for TEE firmware: qcom: implement ioctl for TEE object invocation
drivers/firmware/qcom/Kconfig | 36 + drivers/firmware/qcom/Makefile | 2 + drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/Makefile | 12 + drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/async.c | 142 +++ drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/core.c | 1139 ++++++++++++++++++ drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/core.h | 186 +++ .../qcom/qcom_object_invoke/qcom_scm_invoke.c | 22 + .../firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/release_wq.c | 90 ++ .../qcom/qcom_object_invoke/xts/mem_object.c | 406 +++++++ .../qcom_object_invoke/xts/object_invoke_uapi.c | 1231 ++++++++++++++++++++ include/linux/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke.h | 233 ++++ include/uapi/misc/qcom_tee.h | 117 ++ 12 files changed, 3616 insertions(+)
base-commit: 74564adfd3521d9e322cfc345fdc132df80f3c79 change-id: 20240702-qcom-tee-object-and-ioctls-6f52fde03485
Best regards,
Amirreza Zarrabi quic_azarrabi@quicinc.com
-- With best wishes Dmitry
On 7/17/2024 10:31 PM, Dmitry Baryshkov wrote:
Adding TEE mailing list and maintainers to the CC list.
Amirreza, please include them in future even if you are not going to use the framework.
Sure, Thanks Dmitry.
On Wed, Jul 10, 2024 at 09:16:48AM GMT, Amirreza Zarrabi wrote:
On 7/3/2024 9:36 PM, Dmitry Baryshkov wrote:
On Tue, Jul 02, 2024 at 10:57:35PM GMT, Amirreza Zarrabi wrote:
Qualcomm TEE hosts Trusted Applications (TAs) and services that run in the secure world. Access to these resources is provided using MinkIPC. MinkIPC is a capability-based synchronous message passing facility. It allows code executing in one domain to invoke objects running in other domains. When a process holds a reference to an object that lives in another domain, that object reference is a capability. Capabilities allow us to separate implementation of policies from implementation of the transport.
As part of the upstreaming of the object invoke driver (called SMC-Invoke driver), we need to provide a reasonable kernel API and UAPI. The clear option is to use TEE subsystem and write a back-end driver, however the TEE subsystem doesn't fit with the design of Qualcomm TEE.
To answer your "general comment", maybe a bit of background :).
Traditionally, policy enforcement is based on access-control models, either (1) access-control list or (2) capability [0]. A capability is an opaque ("non-forge-able") object reference that grants the holder the right to perform certain operations on the object (e.g. Read, Write, Execute, or Grant). Capabilities are preferred mechanism for representing a policy, due to their fine-grained representation of access right, inline with (P1) the principle of least privilege [1], and (P2) the ability to avoid the confused deputy problem [2].
[0] Jack B. Dennis and Earl C. Van Horn. 1966. Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations. Commun. ACM 9 (1966), 143–155.
[1] Jerome H. Saltzer and Michael D. Schroeder. 1975. The Protection of Information in Computer Systems. Proc. IEEE 63 (1975), 1278–1308.
[2] Norm Hardy. 1988. The Confused Deputy (or Why Capabilities Might Have Been Invented). ACM Operating Systems Review 22, 4 (1988), 36–38.
For MinkIPC, an object represents a TEE or TA service. The reference to the object is the "handle" that is returned from TEE (let's call it TEE-Handle). The supported operations are "service invocation" (similar to Execute), and "sharing access to a service" (similar to Grant). Anyone with access to the TEE-Handle can invoke the service or pass the TEE-Handle to someone else to access the same service.
The responsibility of the MinkIPC framework is to hide the TEE-Handle, so that the client can not forge it, and allow the owner of the handle to transfer it to other clients as it wishes. Using a file descriptor table we can achieve that. We wrap the TEE-Handle as a FD and let the client invoke FD (e.g. using IOCTL), or transfer the FD (e.g. using UNIX socket).
As a side note, for the sake of completeness, capabilities are fundamentally a "discretionary mechanism", as the holder of the object reference has the ability to share it with others. A secure system requires "mandatory enforcement" (i.e. ability to revoke authority and ability to control the authority propagation). This is out of scope for the MinkIPC. MinkIPC is only interested in P1 and P2 (mention above).
Does TEE subsystem fit requirements of a capability based system?
In TEE subsystem, to invoke a function:
- client should open a device file "/dev/teeX",
- create a session with a TA, and
- invoke the functions in that session.
- The privilege to invoke a function is determined by a session. If a client has a session, it cannot share it with other clients. Even if
it does, it is not fine-grained enough, i.e. either all accessible functions/resources in a session or none. Assume a scenario when a client wants to grant a permission to invoke just a function that it has the rights, to another client.
The "all or nothing" for sharing sessions is not in line with our capability system: "if you own a capability, you should be able to grant or share it".
Can you please be more specific here? What kind of sharing is expected on the user side of it?
In MinkIPC, after authenticating a client credential, a TA (or TEE) may return multiple TEE-Handles, each representing a service that the client has privilege to access. The client should be able to "individually" reference each TEE-Handle, e.g. to invoke and share it (as per capability- based system requirements).
If we use TEE subsystem, which has a session based design, all TEE-Handles are meaningful with respect to the session in which they are allocated, hence the use of "__u32 session" in "struct tee_ioctl_invoke_arg".
Here, we have a contradiction with MinkIPC. We may ignore the session and say "even though a TEE-Handle is allocated in a session but it is also valid outside a session", i.e. the session-id in TEE uapi becomes redundant (a case of divergence from definition).
- In TEE subsystem, resources are managed in a context. Every time a client opens "/dev/teeX", a new context is created to keep track of
the allocated resources, including opened sessions and remote objects. Any effort for sharing resources between two independent clients requires involvement of context manager, i.e. the back-end driver. This requires implementing some form of policy in the back-end driver.
What kind of resource sharing?
TEE subsystem "rightfully" allocates a context each time a client opens a device file. This context pass around to the backend driver to identify independent clients that opened the device file.
The context is used by backend driver to keep track of the resources. Type of resources are TEE driver dependent. As an example of resource in TEE subsystem, you can look into 'shm' register and unregister (specially, see comment in function 'shm_alloc_helper').
For MinkIPC, all clients are treated the same and the TEE-Handles are representative of the resources, accessible "globally" if a client has the capability for them. In kernel, clients access an object if they have access to "qcom_tee_object", in userspace, clients access an object if they have the FD wrapper for the TEE-Handle.
If we use context, instead of the file descriptor table, any form of object transfer requires involvement of the backend driver. If we use the file descriptor table, contexts are becoming useless for MinkIPC (i.e. 'ctx->data' will "always" be null).
- The TEE subsystem supports two type of memory sharing:
- per-device memory pools, and
- user defined memory references.
User defined memory references are private to the application and cannot be shared. Memory allocated from per-device "shared" pools are accessible using a file descriptor. It can be mapped by any process if it has access to it. This means, we cannot provide the resource isolation between two clients. Assume a scenario when a client wants to allocate a memory (which is shared with TEE) from an "isolated" pool and share it with another client, without the right to access the contents of memory.
This doesn't explain, why would it want to share such memory with another client.
Ok, I believe there is a misunderstanding here. I did not try to justify specific usecase. We want to separate the memory allocation from the framework. This way, how the memory is obtained, e.g. it is allocated (1) from an isolated pool, (2) a shared pool, (3) a secure heap, (4) a system dma-heap, (5) process address space, or (6) other memory with "different constraints", becomes independent.
We introduced "memory object" type. User implements a kernel service using "qcom_tee_object" to represent the memory object. We have an implementation of memory objects based on dma-buf.
- The kernel API provided by TEE subsystem does not support a kernel supplicant. Adding support requires an execution context (e.g. a
kernel thread) due to the TEE subsystem design. tee_driver_ops supports only "send" and "receive" callbacks and to deliver a request, someone should wait on "receive".
There is nothing wrong here, but maybe I'm misunderstanding something.
I agree. But, I am trying to re-emphasize how useful TEE subsystem is for MinkIPC. For kernel services, we solely rely on the backend driver. For instance, to expose RPMB service we will use "qcom_tee_object". So there is nothing provided by the framework to simplify the service development.
We need a callback to "dispatch" or "handle" a request in the context of the client thread. It should redirect a request to a kernel service or a user supplicant. In TEE subsystem such requirement should be implemented in TEE back-end driver, independent from the TEE subsystem.
- The UAPI provided by TEE subsystem is similar to the GPTEE Client interface. This interface is not suitable for a capability system.
For instance, there is no session in a capability system which means either its should not be used, or we should overload its definition.
General comment: maybe adding more detailed explanation of how the capabilities are aquired and how they can be used might make sense.
BTW. It might be my imperfect English, but each time I see the word 'capability' I'm thinking that some is capable of doing something. I find it hard to use 'capability' for the reference to another object.
Explained at the top :).
Can we use TEE subsystem?
There are workarounds for some of the issues above. The question is if we should define our own UAPI or try to use a hack-y way of fitting into the TEE subsystem. I am using word hack-y, as most of the workaround involves:
- "diverging from the definition". For instance, ignoring the session open and close ioctl calls or use file descriptors for all remote
resources (as, fd is the closet to capability) which undermines the isolation provided by the contexts,
"overloading the variables". For instance, passing object ID as file descriptors in a place of session ID, or
"bypass TEE subsystem". For instance, extensively rely on meta parameters or push everything (e.g. kernel services) to the back-end
driver, which means leaving almost all TEE subsystem unused.
We cannot take the full benefits of TEE subsystem and may need to implement most of the requirements in the back-end driver. Also, as discussed above, the UAPI is not suitable for capability-based use cases. We proposed a new set of ioctl calls for SMC-Invoke driver.
In this series we posted three patches. We implemented a transport driver that provides qcom_tee_object. Any object on secure side is represented with an instance of qcom_tee_object and any struct exposed to TEE should embed an instance of qcom_tee_object. Any, support for new services, e.g. memory object, RPMB, userspace clients or supplicants are implemented independently from the driver.
We have a simple memory object and a user driver that uses qcom_tee_object.
Could you please point out any user for the uAPI? I'd like to understand how does it from from the userspace point of view.
Sure :), I'll write up a test patch and send it in next series.
Summary.
TEE framework provides some nice facilities, including:
- uapi and ioctl interface,
- marshaling parameters and context management,
- memory mapping and sharing, and
- TEE bus and TA drivers.
For, MinkIPC, we will not use any of them. The only usable piece, is uapi interface which is not suitable for MinkIPC, as discussed above.
Signed-off-by: Amirreza Zarrabi quic_azarrabi@quicinc.com
Amirreza Zarrabi (3): firmware: qcom: implement object invoke support firmware: qcom: implement memory object support for TEE firmware: qcom: implement ioctl for TEE object invocation
drivers/firmware/qcom/Kconfig | 36 + drivers/firmware/qcom/Makefile | 2 + drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/Makefile | 12 + drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/async.c | 142 +++ drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/core.c | 1139 ++++++++++++++++++ drivers/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/core.h | 186 +++ .../qcom/qcom_object_invoke/qcom_scm_invoke.c | 22 + .../firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke/release_wq.c | 90 ++ .../qcom/qcom_object_invoke/xts/mem_object.c | 406 +++++++ .../qcom_object_invoke/xts/object_invoke_uapi.c | 1231 ++++++++++++++++++++ include/linux/firmware/qcom/qcom_object_invoke.h | 233 ++++ include/uapi/misc/qcom_tee.h | 117 ++ 12 files changed, 3616 insertions(+)
base-commit: 74564adfd3521d9e322cfc345fdc132df80f3c79 change-id: 20240702-qcom-tee-object-and-ioctls-6f52fde03485
Best regards,
Amirreza Zarrabi quic_azarrabi@quicinc.com
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